Manifestasi sistemis dan oral sindroma down
S Sindroma Down (Trisomy 21) adalah kelainan kromosom yang paling umum di ebabkan karena kelebihan kromosom. Sindroma ini ditemukan di antara semua suku bangsa. Angka kejadiannya pada bangsa kulit putih lebih tinggi daripada kulit hitam. Faktor-faktor yang turut berperan dalam terjadinya kelainan-kelainan kromosom, di antaranya : umur ibu (biasanya pada ibu yang berumur lebih dari 30 tahun), kelainan kehamilan dan kelainan endokrin pada ibu. Penderita sindroma Down memiliki beberapa manifestasi yaitu manifestasi sistemis dan oral. Manifestasi sistemis dapat berupa kelainan jantung, kelainan imun hematologi, leukemia, kelainan otot, kelainan jaringan saraf. Manifestasi oral dapat berupa fissure tongue, lidah hipotonik, makroglosia, mikrodontia, hipoplasia, partial anodontia, taurodontia, tidak ada benih gigi, karies gigi, kelainan periodontal, ma/alignment, maloklusi, bruxism. Sindroma Down dapat didiagnosis melalui berbagai pemeriksaan, antara lain: pemeriksaan fisik penderita, pemeriksaan kromosom, ultrasonografi, Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, pemeriksaan darah (Percutaneus Lmbilical Blood Sampling).
D Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is a common chromosome abnormality, caused by an extra portion of chromosome 21. This syndrome was found in all nations. Mosthappen in caucasian than negro. The factors that involved the abnormalitychromosome are: maternal age, (usually at age more than 30), abnormal pregnancy, and abnormal endocrine. Down syndrome patients have some manifestations such as oral and systemic manifestations. Systemic manifestations can be cardiovascular anomalies, immune-hematologic anomalies, leukemia, musculosceletal anomalies, nervous system anomalies. Oral manifestations can be fissured tongue, hypotonic tongue, macroglossia, microdontia, hypoplasia, partial anodontia, taurodontism, tooth agenesis, dental caries and periodontal disease, malalignment, malocclusion, bruxism. Down syndrome can be diagnosed through several examinations, such as physically examination, chromosome examination, ultrasonography, electrocarctiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, percutaneus umbilical blood sampling.